Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Advance Access originally published online on February 19, 2007
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 2007 62(4):461-494; doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrm002
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The Military, Psychiatry, and "Unfit" Soldiers, 1939–1942
Correspondence: * Naoko Wake, PhD, is a visiting assistant professor in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science at Michigan State University. Correspondence may be addressed to: E-189 Holmes Hall, Lyman Briggs School, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48825. Email: wake{at}msu.edu
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Abstract |
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This article examines the psychiatric screening of U.S. soldiers during the Second World War, established by psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949), as a key moment in the public application of clinical psychiatry, as well as a turning point in Sullivan's intellectual and professional career. After a brief look at the ideas and expectations Sullivan brought to the screening system, I discuss a major problem of the screening: the mismatch between the medical concept of disease prevention and the realities of the mass screening as a public policy. As a way to highlight this mismatch, I focus on Sullivan's failure to protect homosexual men from medical and social stigmatization by screening them out of the armed forces. Despite his liberal approach to the issue of homosexuality before the war, which he had created in his clinical practice, Sullivan was unable to persuade the military and the public of gay men's right to serve the nation. The examination of how his sympathetic view of homosexuality became circumscribed reveals not only the gap between clinical insights and public policy, but also how tentative views of homosexuality in public debate among liberal psychiatrists during the decade preceding the war contributed to the failure to make non-homophobic policy in the 1940s. This article shows that the relative conservatism in the politics of sexuality among liberal psychiatrists, as well as the intransigent conservatism as seen in homophobic tradition of the Army, contributed to the discriminatory screening criteria.
Key Words: Harry Stack Sullivan • selective service • psychiatric screening • queerness • homosexuality • schizophrenia • the new psychiatry • liberalism